These episodes can result in physical injuries, including occasionally broken bones. © 2020 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA Doctors diagnose a seizure disorder (epilepsy) when people have at least two unprovoked seizures that occur at different times.People who lose consciousness, sometimes even when they lose muscle tone and muscles jerk, may not be having a seizure.
Most people have only one type of seizure. Such efforts can do more harm than good. Also, people are given a magnet, which they can use to stimulate the vagus nerve when they sense that a seizure is about to begin. Almost two thirds of people who respond to antiseizure drugs can eventually stop taking them without having a relapse. Some people bite their tongue.Symptoms also vary depending on whether the seizure isFocal-onset (the seizure begins in one side of the brain)Generalized-onset (the seizure begins in both sides of the brain)There are several types of focal and generalized seizures. In some people, one side of the body is weak after a seizure, and the weakness lasts longer than the seizure (a disorder called Todd paralysis). People taking antiseizure drugs should be aware of possible side effects and should consult their doctor at the first sign of side effects.For women who have a seizure disorder and are pregnant, taking an antiseizure drug increases the risk of miscarrying or of having a baby with a birth defect of the spinal cord, spine, or brain (All women who are of childbearing age and taking an antiseizure drug should take folate supplements to reduce the risk of having a baby with a birth defect.Absence seizures when other antiseizure drugs are ineffectiveKidney stones, dehydration, and chemical imbalances in the bloodTonic or atonic seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome*Drowsiness, liver damage, loss of appetite, fatigue, insomnia, and diarrheaSecondarily generalized-onset seizures (including focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures)A low white blood cell count (granulocytopenia), production of too few blood cells (aplastic anemia, which can be fatal), a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), a severe rash, digestive upset, liver damage, slurred speech (dysarthria), lethargy, dizziness, and double visionFocal-onset or focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures† when other antiseizure drugs are ineffectiveSometimes tonic or atonic seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome*Drowsiness, constipation, loss of coordination, thoughts of suicide, dependency on the drug, irritability, and difficulty swallowingAtypical absence seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome*Drowsiness, abnormal behavior, loss of coordination, and lost effectiveness of the drug after 1 to 6 monthsTonic or atonic seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome*Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, temporary drowsiness, shaking (tremor), reversible hair loss, weight gain, and liver damageA somewhat higher risk of spinal cord, spine, or brain birth defects (Dizziness or shakiness, double or blurred vision, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, a low sodium level in the blood, thoughts of suicide, and skin reactions, such as rash (sometimes serious)Nausea, lethargy, dizziness, headache, rash, and a low blood cell count (of all types of blood cells)Used only when other antiseizure drugs are ineffectiveAtypical absence seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome*Headache, fatigue, liver failure, and, rarely, aplastic anemia (which can be fatal)Loss of coordination, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, itching, and tingling sensationsIn children, sleepiness, aggressive behavior, mood swings, and hyperactivityGeneralized-onset seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome*Nausea, vomiting, constipation, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, insomnia, fatigue, loss of coordination, double vision, tremor, abnormal menstrual periods, and rashDizziness, weakness, fatigue, loss of coordination, and changes in mood and behaviorHeadache, abdominal pain, double vision, drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and low sodium levels in the bloodAggressiveness, changes in mood and behavior, thoughts of suicide, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, falls, sleepiness, nausea, vomiting, headache, weight gain, abdominal pain, and problems walkingDrowsiness, abnormal eye movements (nystagmus), loss of coordination, anemia, and rashIn children, hyperactivity and learning difficultiesSwollen gums, a low red blood cell count (anemia), loss of bone density, excessive hairiness (hirsutism), rash, and swollen glandsDizziness, drowsiness, loss of coordination, blurred vision, double vision, tremor, and weight gainDrowsiness, dizziness, confusion, slow thinking, abdominal pain, fatigue, nausea, and tremorConfusion, reduced concentration, difficulty finding words, fatigue, loss of appetite and weight, numbness or tingling, reduced sweating, and kidney stonesTonic or atonic seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome*Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight gain, reversible hair loss, temporary drowsiness, tremor, and, rarely, liver damageA somewhat higher risk of spinal cord, spine, or brain birth defects (Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, and permanent changes in visionSometimes tonic or atonic seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome*Drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, difficulty finding words, loss of coordination, kidney stones, loss of appetite and weight, and nausea* Atypical absence seizures, atonic seizures, and tonic seizures usually occur as part of a severe form of epilepsy called Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, which begins before children are 4 years old.† Focal-to-bilateral seizures are seizures that start on one side of the brain and spread to both sides.Emergency treatment to stop the seizures is required forLarge doses of one or more antiseizure drugs (often starting with a benzodiazepine, such as Measures to prevent injuries are taken during the prolonged seizure.
Symptoms that suggest a seizure include loss of consciousness, muscle spasms that shake the body, a bitten tongue, loss of bladder control, sudden confusion, and inability to pay attention. During the first year of life, focal seizures are typically triggered by fever. Doctors need to have an accurate description, including the following:Whether it involved abnormal muscle movements (such as spasms of the head, neck, or facial muscles), tongue biting, drooling, loss of bladder or bowel control, or muscle stiffeningA quick recovery suggests fainting rather than a seizure. This state may last for several minutes.
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